What is a standalone solar PV system?

A standalone solar PV system is defined as a system that uses solar photovoltaic (PV) modules to generate electricity from sunlight without relying on the utility grid. It can power applications like lighting, water pumping, ventilation, communication, and entertainment in remote or off-grid locations where grid electricity is unavailable or

Can solar PV and hydropower improve the energy situation in Togo?

With a three rounds Delphi method, the study captured the view of key stakeholders on the subject matter. It has been concluded that increasing the share of RE, namely solar PV and hydropower, could significantly improve the energy situation in Togo. This could be through the installation and development of small-scale solar plants and hydropower.

What is a PV stand-alone solution based on a hybrid solar system?

Also, the PV stand-alone solution based on the hybrid solar system has been described. This is an off-grid power system that combines a PV system with diesel generators and/or other renewable energy systems (eg, wind turbines, biogas units, small-scale hydropower, etc.) to supply continuous electric power.

How do energy systems work in Togo?

Energy systems in many countries, including Togo, is illustrated by a balance between centralised and distributed energy system – which is mostly used nowadays to improve energy reliability and independence by providing a more stable electricity supply (Kursun et al. 2015; Liu et al. 2019; CEET 2020; SOFRECO 2010).

Why does Togo rely on wind and photovoltaics?

Additionally, wind and photovoltaics (PV) contributed significantly to the security of supply, as demand could not have been met by domestic conventional and nuclear generation capacities of up to 424 h in 2018. Togo, like many sub-Saharan African countries that do not produce oil, depends mostly on imports for its electricity supply.

What is a stand-alone or off-grid PV system?

Stand-alone or off-grid PV systems can be defined as those systems that are not connected to the public grid. They can be distinguished between systems with batteries and those without. The design depends on the application. PV systems without batteries are called directly coupled PV systems.